Multiple choice questions
1. Which of the following is not an element of software engineering methodology (B)
A. MethodB. ModelC. Tools D. Process
(Knowledge point) Three elements of software engineering: methods, tools, and processes
2. Object-oriented methodology has (D) key points.
A、1 B、2 C、3 D、4
(Knowledge Points) Object-oriented key points: Object, Class, Inheritance, Encapsulation
3. (B) is an internal phenomenon that is common in software development.
A. Comprehensive B. Iteration C. Modeling D. Induction
4. The data flow diagram has (D) the most basic symbols.
A、1 B、2 C、3 D、4
(Knowledge point) The "→" arrow indicates data flow; 0: a circle or an ellipse, which indicates processing; =: a parallel bar (with one opening and one closing) indicates data storage; □: a box indicates the source or end point of the data.
5. (C) is the last stage of the software-defined period.
A. Problem definition B. Overall design C. Requirement analysis D. Feasibility study
(Knowledge point) Software definition period: problem definition, feasibility study (feasibility study report), requirement analysis (software requirements specification manual), summary design, detailed design, coding and unit testing, comprehensive testing, operation and maintenance
6. Which of the following is not a criterion for applying formal methods (C).
A. The cost should be estimated B. Detailed documents should be established C. Quality standards can be abandoned D. It should be reused
(Knowledge point) (1) Appropriate expression methods should be selected. (2) It should be formalized, but not over-formal. (3) The cost should be estimated. (4) There should be formal method consultants to provide consultation at any time. (5) Traditional development methods should not be abandoned. (6) Detailed documents should be created. (7) Quality standards should not be abandoned. (8) The formal methods should not be blindly relied on. (9) Test, test and test again. (10) Should be reused.
- Which of the following is not a very important reason for module independence (B).
A. Easy to develop software B. Can enhance the degree of coupling
C. Easy to test and maintain D. Easy to expand functions
8. Which of the following is not a graphic tool (A) that depicts the software structure.
A. Hierarchical block diagram B. Hierarchical diagram C. HIPO diagram D. Structural diagram
(Knowledge Points) Hierarchical block diagram is used to describe data structures
9. Which of the following does not belong to the three basic control structures (C).
A. Order B. Select C. Call D. Loop
10. User interface design is a (A) process.
A. Iteration B. Loop C. Order D. Change
11. When the algorithm contains multiple nested conditional selection, it is best to use (C).
A. Program flow chart B. Box chart C. Determination table D. PAD chart
12. (B) The graph can express both data structures and program structures.
A. Data flow B. Jackson C. Hierarchical box D. IPO
(Knowledge point) Jackson method is a data structure-oriented design method.
13. The ring complexity equals (C) is a more scientific and accurate upper limit of the module scale.
A、12 B、11 C、10 D、9
14. The software reliability model uses failure rate data to estimate the future failure of the software and predict the software (B).
A. Maintainability B. Reliability C. Modification D. Portability
15. Subsystem testing and system testing are also called (C) testing.
A. Unit B. Acceptance C. Integration D. Computer
(Knowledge point) Integration testing is aimed at the relationship between modules. Subsystem testing mainly tests the mutual cooperation and communication between modules. System testing = integration testing
16. Usually edge coverage is consistent with (B) standards.
A. Statement coverage B. Decision coverage C. Condition coverage D. Combination coverage
(Knowledge point) and judgment coverage difference
17. It is usually possible to describe the possible activities that may be carried out after the software is delivered and used.
A、1 B、2 C、3 D、4
(Knowledge point) Corrective maintenance, adaptive maintenance, perfect maintenance and preventive maintenance
18. The main purpose of software engineering is to increase the (C) of the software and reduce the cost of maintenance.
A. Testability B. Understandability C. Maintainability D. Designability
19. Object = {ID, MS, DS, MI}, where DS refers to (C).
A. The name of the object B. Operation set C. The data structure of the object D. The message name set
(Knowledge point) ID: object identification or name MS: operation set DS: object data structure MI: object message name set (i.e. external interface)
20. A message consists of 3 parts. Which of the following is not a component of the message (C).
A. Object that receives the message B. Message selector C. Implementation code D. Zero or more variables
21. To develop software using an object-oriented method, three forms of models are usually required to be established. Which of the following does not belong to the model that needs to be established (C).
A. Object model B. Dynamic model C. ER model D. Functional model
(Knowledge point) ER model is an entity contact diagram, mainly used for data
22. A use case diagram does not include (B).
A. System B. Data flow C. Actor D. Use cases
(Knowledge Points) Use cases, roles, relationships, system boundaries. The data flow should be in the data flow graph.
is (A) approved standard modeling language based on object-oriented technology.
A、OMG B、BIC C、BODD D、OMA
24. The object model of a complex system is usually composed of 5 levels. The following component that does not belong to it is (B). A. Theme layer B. Logical layer C. Attribute layer D. Service layer
(Knowledge point) 1. Theme layer 2. Class and object layer 3. Structural layer 4. Attribute layer 5. Service layer
25. When filtering the correct classes and objects, we do not need to consider which item (D).
A. Irrelevant B. Operation C. Implementation D. Structure
26. Complete and correct scripts lay the necessary foundation for establishing (B) models.
A. Object B. Dynamic C. Function D. Use cases
27. (C) The model shows the dependencies between data in the system and related data processing functions.
A. Object B. Dynamic C. Function D. Use cases
28. The object model of large and complex systems is usually composed of (C) levels.
A、3 B、4 C、5 D、6
1. Theme layer 2. Class and object layer 3. Structure layer 4. Attribute layer 5. Service layer
29. (B) Especially suitable for situations where user needs have not changed but the system architecture has undergone fundamental changes.
A. Code reuse B. Analysis results reuse C. Design results reuse D. Test results reuse
The structure changes, the code, design results, and test results have all changed.
30. Which of the following does not belong to the reuse method of class components (D).
A. Instance reuse B. Inheritance reuse C. Polymorphic reuse D. Message reuse
Instance reuse, inheritance reuse, polymorphic reuse
C++ language provides a class (A) library.
A、MFC B、MCL C、CFC D、BMF
32. (B) is the main basis for analyzing concurrency.
A. Object model B. Dynamic model C. Functional model D. Use case model
33. Define a file for each (A) paradigm table in the file system.
A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four
34. Over time, software development organizations cannot reuse (C) results.
A、OOA B、OOD C、OOC D、OOP
Object-oriented analysis (OOA), object-oriented design (OOD), object-oriented programming (OOP).
35. Which of the following is not a method for testing a single class (C).
A. Random test B. Division test C. Classification test D. Fault-based test
36. The development time of a software project can be reduced to the normal development time (C).
A、25% B、50% C、75% D、90%
37. The core members of the main programmer group do not include (B).
A. Main programmer B. Tester C. Backup program D. Programming secretary
38. (Cloud Class) The following process belongs to the basic process (A B C D)
A. Obtaining process B. Development process C. Operation process D. Supply process
39. (Cloud Class) The following statement about the software development process is correct (B C)
A. The software survival cycle process is the software development process
B. The software development process is a series of activities that software developers engage in.
C. The software development process also includes system-level activities such as system requirements analysis and system structure design.
D. The software development process includes activities such as software upgrade and evolution.
40. (Cloud Class) The key to obtaining the correct software is (A)
A. Development logic B. Development logic C. Personnel quality D. Clarify requirements
41. The basic means of realizing mapping in (cloud class) software development is (D)
A. Abstract B. Hierarchy C. Isolation D. Modeling
42. (Cloud Class) The following belongs to the software model (B C)
A. Conceptual model B. Design model C. Implementation model D. Deployment model
43. (Cloud Class) is different from software engineering, (A) the goals pursued by Shi Xitong Project
A. Optimization B. Systematization C. Integration D. Situation
44. The basic nature that does not belong to the needs below (cloud class) is (D)
A. Necessity B. Non-ambiguity C. Measurability D. Scalability
45. (Cloud Class) Which of the following statements can be used as software requirements (B D)
A. The system should support large-scale concurrent user access
B. Users need to log in with their username and password before using the system
C. The system interface should be beautiful and generous. D. When the user fails, pop-ups should prompt the reason for failure.
46. (Cloud Class) The following requirements are designed constraints (B)
A. Response time B. Run platform C. Error handling D. Maintainable
47. (Cloud Class) The following requirements and external interface requirements are (A)
A. Third-party plug-in B. Security and privacy C. Programming language D. Font size
48. (Cloud Class) The following requirements belong to performance requirements (A)
A. Number of concurrent accesses B. Network protocol C. Exception response D. User-friendly
49. (Cloud Class) Regarding the dynamic connection between objects, the following statement is correct (A)
A. Only messages can be communicated between objects
B. One object can directly use the properties of another object
C. The objects are not allowed to contact each other
50. (Cloud Class) UML is a (A) language
A. Formalization B. Semiformization C. Deformalization
51. (Cloud Class) Which of the following describes the role of UML (D)
A. Make up for the "distance" between a system and the operating platform
B. Establish term space and model expression tools at different levels of abstraction
C. Supports the establishment of system models from multiple perspectives D. All of the above options are correct
52. (Cloud Class) UML does not have the following structure (D)
A. Static object structure B. Dynamic behavior C. System deployment D. Functional structure
53. (Cloud Class) (B) is a data item that describes the common characteristics of all objects in a class.
A. Instance attribute B. Class attribute C. Method attribute D. Object attribute
54. (Cloud Class) introduces visibility into the class attribute definition, mainly to support (B) this software design principle
A. Abstract B. Information concealment C. Modular D. Bottom-up
55. (Cloud Class) The following UML terms reflect the abstraction of concurrent behavior is (C)
A. Interface B. Collaboration C. Active Class D. Usage
56. (Cloud Class) Which of the following does not belong to UML to describe the objective world entity obtain basic terms (B D)
A. Class B. Signal C. Collaboration D. Participants
57. (Cloud Class) The following statement about the software development process is correct (B C)
A. The software survival cycle process is the software development process
B. The software development process is a series of activities that software developers engage in.
C. The software development process also includes system-level activities such as system requirements analysis and system structure design.
D. The software development process includes activities such as software upgrade and evolution.
58. The subordinate process of (cloud class) belongs to the basic process (A B C D)
A. Obtaining process B. Development process C. Operation process D. Supply process
59. (Cloud Class) According to (), the software survival cycle process can be divided into basic processes, support processes and organizational processes.
A. Hierarchical relationship of software development activities B. The subject of software development work
C. Structure of software development project D. Importance of software development tasks
60. (Cloud Class) The following statement about the waterfall model is correct (B D)
A. The waterfall model can only be developed through the paths of requirements, design, coding, testing, integration and maintenance in turn, and cannot return from the next stage to the previous stage.
B. The waterfall model generates corresponding documents at each stage.
C. The waterfall model can only be involved in the demand stage and operation stage, and only the development team can participate in the remaining stages.
D. The waterfall model requires that the requirements must be complete and clear at the initial stage.
61. (Cloud Class) The following statement about incremental model is correct (AD)
A. The incremental model requires that the requirements must be complete and clear at the initial stage.
B. Compared with the waterfall model, projects developed with incremental models require less cost and time.
C. When using the incremental model, each increment must be developed in sequence in the established order and cannot be changed.
D. The incremental model can deliver the first version of the system to users earlier.
62. (Cloud Class) The following statement about evolutionary model is correct (C D)
A. The evolutionary model requires that the requirements must be complete and clear at the initial stage.
B. Evolutionary models can weaken the writing of requirements and design documents to improve development efficiency.
C. The evolutionary model can use the waterfall model during each iteration.
D. Compared with the waterfall model, the evolution model requires more participation from the acquirer and users.
63. (Cloud Class) Among the following software development models, the model based on object-oriented software development methods, driven by user needs, and driven by objects is ©
A. Evolutionary model B. Waterfall model C. Fountain model D. Incremental model
64. (Cloud Class) instance connection is also called chain, which expresses (A) between objects
A. Static relationship B. Dynamic relationship C. Connection relationship D. No relationship
65. When (cloud class) modeling relationships using UML, the following strategy is wrong (A)
A. Taking into account the complexity of modeling, a circular generalization relationship can be introduced.
B. Use generalization only if the relationship is a "is-a-kind-of" relationship
C. The balance of generalized relationships should be maintained, and the inheritance level should not be too deep or too wide.
D. Use dependencies only if the relationship to be modeled is not a structural relationship
66. (Cloud Class) The following terms express the relationship between categories, the correct way to express the correct way is to have a solid line segment without arrows (A)
A. Relation B. Generalization C. Refinement D. Dependence
67. (Cloud Class) Jack works at Google and is a member of the company's marketing group. Then there is a (A) relationship between the category Employee that describes Jack and the category Company that describes Google.
A. Relation B. Generalization C. Refinement (implementation) D. Dependency
68. (Cloud Class) The following is not a UML static modeling tool (B)
A. Class diagram B. Communication diagram C. Object diagram D. Product diagram
69. (Cloud Class) The one that describes the UML requirement model is (C)
A. Status diagram B. Sequence diagram C. Use situation diagram D. Class diagram
70. (Cloud Class) The following is not a UML dynamic modeling (B)
A. Activity diagram B. Deployment diagram C. Use situation diagram D. Status diagram
71. (Cloud Class) The static structural model of the system is (D)
A. Status diagram B. Sequence diagram C. Use situation diagram D. Class diagram
72. (Cloud Class) In the object-oriented analysis stage, the following statement is correct for simplifying the inheritance relationship (D)
A. Cancel special classes without special features B. Add attributes to simplify inheritance relationships
C. Cancel the general category with single purpose D. All the above statements are correct
73. (Cloud Class) Which of the following operations that do not fall within the category scope (A)
A. Create an object of the class B. Read the property value of the object
C. Modify the object's attribute value after calculation D. Monitor the object's attribute value
74. (Yun Class) The following statement is wrong (B)
A. The vacuum cleaner and the electronic piano are sold as goods at the same time, so they can be merged into the same category through abstraction.
B. Both cars and trucks are cars, so one type of "car" can be used instead of two types.
C. Both cars and trucks are cars, so a general class "car" can be extracted as their parent class.
D. The class teacher has only one attribute name, so this class can be cancelled and the attribute "class teacher name" can be added to other related categories.
Q75. (Cloud Class) The process from OOA to OOD The following description is most appropriate (C)
A. Conversion B. Expand and improve C. Adjust and supplement D. Refine
76. (Cloud Class) needs are constantly changing, and in order to enhance maintainability, design needs to be adapted to unforeseen changes. The following terms have the lowest variability (A)
A. Class B. Service C. Interface D. Attributes
77. (Cloud Class) The following implementation conditions have the greatest impact on the OOD model problem domain part (A)
A. Programming language B. Hardware, operating system and network facilities C. Reuse support D. Data management system
78. (Cloud Class) The same operation can be defined in the same category. They are different from the number, type or order of parameters. This phenomenon is called (B) in the object-oriented method.
A. Polymorphism B. Replanting C. Generalization D. Classification
79. (Cloud Class) The following aspects that need to be considered for designing the problem domain part are (D)
A. Improve performance B. Consider multiplexing C. Programming language D. Permanent storage
Chapter 1 Software Engineering Overview
1. The software is (A)
A. Design and development B. Manufactured by the software project team
C. Programmer writes code to implement D. Programmer organizes and implements
2. Compared with hardware products (B)
A. Software will wear B. Software will deteriorate
C. Software failure complies with the basin curve. D. Software can be replaced with spare parts.
3. Software engineering is a hierarchical technology, and the foundation for supporting software engineering lies in (C)
A. Software Engineering Process Model B. Software Life Cycle Model C. Quality Focus D. Software Engineering Tools
4. "Software Crisis" means (D)
A. The emergence of computer viruses B. Use computer systems to commit economic crimes
C. People are overly obsessed with computer systems. D. A series of problems arise in software development and software maintenance.
5. Which of the following practices is in line with the professional ethics of software engineers? (C)
A. Package the modules completely developed by yourself in the company's project into small software and publish them to the Internet for profit.
B. Exaggerate your technical level too much and get a job that exceeds your ability.
C. Do not edit the company's project source code and documents on a private computer.
D. During the technical maintenance break at the customer's site, play games on the customer's computer.
6. An important principle of software engineering practice is existence value, which refers to (D)
A. Normal software development B. The software can run stably
C. The software has sufficient reliability D. The software can provide value to users
7. What constitutes the basis of software engineering is (A)
A. Process B. Method C. Tool D. Design
8. The correct description of the software is (C)
A. Software is a product with no added value. B. Software quality depends on the programmer's personal level.
C. It has the dual attributes of technology and culture. D. Software testing is a relatively simple task.
9. Which of the following is not the cause of the software crisis (D)
A. Objective reason, the software itself is characterized by logical components and is becoming increasingly large in scale.
B. Subjectively ignore demand analysis.
C. Error thinking: software development = program writing. D. Pay too much attention to software maintenance.
10. Which of the following does not belong to the development stage of software engineering (B)
A. Object engineering B. Workshop-style engineering C. Process engineering D. Component engineering
11. The wrong description of the difference between software engineering and computer science is (C)
A. Software engineering focuses on how to realize value for users.
B. Computer theory focuses on the principles of the operation of the software itself, such as time complexity, spatial complexity, and algorithm accuracy.
C. The correct solution to a particular problem by software engineering will never change.
D. As technology and user needs continue to change, software developers must always adjust their development to meet current needs. At the same time, software engineering itself is also in continuous development.
12. The following description of the software is incorrect (A)
A. The form of software delivery is executable software.
B. Programs that can complete predetermined functions and performance, process corresponding data, and documents that describe programs and operations.
C. Software = program + data + document. In order to highlight its functions and performance, it can be expanded to: Software = knowledge + program + data + document
D. The software documents are used to record the software's activities and intermediate products, such as requirements regulations, source procedures, etc.
Chapter 2 Software Process Model
1. The framework activity defined in the software process model is (B)
A. Must be executed B. It can be iterated C. Every member of the team must participate D. Must meet the standards
2. The waterfall model is also called the classic life cycle model (C)
A. It is an iterative model B. It is an incremental model C. It is a sequential model D. It emphasizes design model
3. Regarding the spiral model, the following statement is incorrect (C)
A. Combining development activities and risk management to control risks B. Applicable to large and complex software projects
C. The development process is divided into several iterations, each iteration generates a software release.
D. The evolution of prototypes runs through the entire software survival cycle and has the characteristics of prototype models.
4. Unified Process (UP) (B)
A. Suitable for all software engineering B. It is an iterative and incremental model
C. It does not emphasize documents. D. It does not pursue structural stability.
5. The processes are diverse. The following is not a common activity of the process (C)
A. Plan B. Deployment C. Analysis D. Modeling
6. The following options do not belong to the characteristics of the waterfall model (A)
A. Efficiency B. Sequence C. Dependence D. Delay implementation
7. Regarding the incremental model, the correct statement below is (D)
A. Suitable for projects with mature technology B. The development of each increment is a nested incremental method
C. It is a model of overall development
D. Develop the subsequent increment based on the previous increment and adopt an iterative method.
8. Regarding the prototype model, the correct statement below is (B)
A. Suitable for small and usable projects
B. It is easy for designers to compromise between quality and prototypes, making customers unaware of some quality problems
C. Rapid application development model (RAD) is a prototype process model. D. There is no iterative method in the prototype model.
9. Among the following options, the one that does not belong to the software process model is (B)
A. Agile model B. Iterative model C. Prototype model D. Waterfall model
10. Regarding agile models, the following statement is wrong (A)
A. It is a rigorous and formal method. B. Active and continuous communication between developers and customers is required.
C. Emphasize customer satisfaction and earlier incremental software delivery
D. Including new software development methods, such as main extreme programming (XP), adaptive software development (ASD), dynamic system development method (DSDM), etc.
11. The waterfall model is the most classic model in the software process. The following options do not belong to the waterfall model activity (D)
A. Requirements Analysis B. Software Design C. Testing and Maintenance D. Software Construction
12. If an incremental model is used in software development, the first increment (B C)
A. Must be correct B. It is often the core product C. Meet basic needs D. Can't change
13. Components are an important part of software technology, and component-based development (A B D)
A. Can be reused B. Can reduce development costs
C. Can improve software performance D. Can shorten development cycle
14. Agile Development Thinking (AD)
A. A competent individual and good interactions outweigh modern software processes and advanced tools
B. The goal of software development is to work software, so there should be no need to write documents.
C. Customers and developers should conduct software development strictly in accordance with the established contract.
D. Adopt incremental development and short-cycle delivery to respond to changes in a timely manner
15. The correct statement about model selection is (B C)
A. The same software organization should adopt a software process model for easy management.
B. When demand is unstable, try to adopt incremental development
C. The development of a brand new system should start incremental or parallelism after the overall design is completed.
D. Agile models can respond quickly to changes. Even if the coder has little experience, agile development should still be adopted.
Chapter 3 Requirements Analysis
1. The most important technical document in the requirements analysis stage is (B)
A. Design manual B. Requirement specification manual C. Feasibility analysis report D. User manual
2. The following statement about data flow graph is incorrect (C)
A. The data flow diagram discards specific substances, leaving only the flow, processing and storage of data.
B. Data flow chart is a tool used as a structured analysis
C. The traditional data flow diagram mainly consists of processing, data source point/end point, data flow, control flow, and data storage.
D. The data flow graph is drawn using a layer-by-layer decomposition method.
3. Data dictionary is one of the most important tools in the software requirements analysis stage, and its most basic function is (C)
A. Database design B. Data communication C. Data definition D. Data maintenance
4. The work in the software requirements analysis stage can be divided into the following four aspects: identification, analysis and synthesis of problems, formulation of specifications, and (B)
A. Practical report B. Needs analysis and review C. The above answers are not correct D. Summary
5. The tasks of software requirements analysis should not include (C).
A. Problem analysis B. Information domain analysis C. Structured programming D. Determine the logical model
6. In the data flow diagram, the component with name and direction is (C).
A. Control flow B. Information flow C. Data flow D. Signal flow
7. In the data flow diagram, the component that cannot be processed by the computer is (D).
A. Control flow B. Node C. Data flow D. Data source/end point
8. The structured analysis method is a method of gradually pursuing requirements analysis from top to bottom (B).
A. Target B. Data flow C. Function D. Object
9. By the end of the 20th century, object-oriented software engineering had gradually developed and matured, especially the emergence and widespread use of (D ), making object-oriented methods the mainstream method of software development.
A、OMT B、OOSE C、C++ D、UML
10. (D ) is a graphic expression method that describes the system functions from the perspective of the user's use of the system.
A. Sequence diagram B. Collaborative diagram C. Class diagram D. Use case diagram
11. Developers should understand from users during the requirements analysis stage (A)
A. What should the software do? B. User usage interface C. Input information D. The scale of the software
12. Among the four steps of demand analysis, writing the "Requirement Specification Note" is in the (C) stage.
A. Requirement acquisition B. Requirement refinement C. Requirement description D. Requirement verification
13. Among the following requirements descriptions, what is not a functional requirement of the aircraft ticket booking system is (A)
A. A certain sorting algorithm must be used to sort the flights according to departure time.
B. What information should appear in the air ticket and report
C. What information must be stored in a database accessed by travel agencies and others
D. How to enter flight, passenger and booking information
14. The model that does not need to be established in the requirements analysis stage is (D)
A. Data flow diagram B. Use case diagram C. E-R diagram D. Program flow diagram
15. What does not belong to the data model during the requirements analysis stage is (C)
A. E-R diagram B. Data dictionary C. Data flow diagram D. Class diagram
16. Each data processing in the data flow diagram has at least (B)
A. An output stream B. An input stream and an output stream
C. An input stream D. An input stream or an output stream
17. There are (B) data processing in layer 0 data flow diagram
A, 0 B, 1 C, 2 D, many
18. The data flow on the main graph of the data flow graph must be closed between (A).
A. External entity B. Data processing C. Data storage D. Data flow
19. The following statement is most suitable for naming a data stream (D)
A. Select the bill management function B. Manage bills C. Bill management D. Bills
20. Among the following elements of the data flow graph, the one that is not suitable for data storage is (B)
A. Database B. User C. Data table D. File
21. In the data flow diagram, the following data flows that cannot be named (C)
A. Data stream output from external entity B. Data stream input to external entity
C. Data stream output from data storage D. Data stream output from data processing
22. There are three different relationships between use cases. Which of the following is not a possible relationship between them (D)
A. Include B. Extend C. Generalization D. Related
23. Which of the following use cases has the naming of the following usage case complies with the specification (D)
A. User management B. System configuration C. Basic information maintenance D. Find books
24. The following entities cannot be used as participants in the system use case diagram (C)
A. User B. Administrator C. Server D. Printer
25. Among the following descriptions of system functions, the one that is suitable for classification into a use case is (D)
A. Enter personal information B. Calculate statistics C. Return query results D. Transfer money
26. The inclusion relationship between the following groups of use cases is (C)
A. Manage users and add users B. Book air tickets and book air tickets online
C. ATM Withdrawal and Login D. Purchase and Find Products
27. The extension relationship between the following groups of use cases is (D).
A. Borrowing and returning books B. Booking air tickets and booking online
C. ATM Withdrawal and Login D. Purchase and Find Products
28. The generalization relationship between the following groups of use cases is (B).
A. Borrowing and returning books B. Booking air tickets and booking online
C. ATM Withdrawal and Login D. Purchase and Find Products
29. The participants in the use case diagram can also be an analysis class, which should be classified as (A)
A. Entity class B. Control class C. Boundary class D. Parent class
30. What is not part of the use case specification is (D)
A. Main participants B. Preconditions C. Scenario D. Input parameters
Chapter 4 System Design
1. The higher the cohesion degree of the module, the more the degree to which the components in the module are combined with each other (B)
A. Loose B. Tight C. Unable to judge D. Equal
2. In the structured design method of software, it is generally divided into two stages: summary design and detailed design, where detailed design mainly designs (D).
A. Software structure B. Software interface C. Software model D. Software module
3. The three basic control structures of the program are (B)
A. Process, subroutine and subprogram B. Sequence, branches and loops
C. Recursion, stack and queue D. Call, return and transfer
4. Structural design is the most widely used system design method. It is a process based on (B), top-down, precision and modularization.
A. Data flow B. Data flow graph C. Database D. Data structure
5. The arrows in the program flow chart (block diagram) represent (B)
A. Data flow B. Control flow C. Call relationship D. Composition relationship
6. The importance of software design can be summarized as (D)
A. Accurate B. Complex C. Efficient development D. Pursuit of quality
7. Which of the following designs is equivalent to the interior details of each room in a house? (B)
A. Architecture design B. Component-level design C. Interface design D. Data design
8. In the structured software engineering method, the (B) stage is mainly about establishing a software structure.
A. Requirement analysis B. Summary design C. Detailed design D. Feasibility study
9. (D) is a two-dimensional diagram. Its vertical direction represents the time axis, and time extends downward in the vertical direction; its horizontal direction is composed of multiple objects participating in the interaction.
A. Object diagram B. Activity diagram C. Interaction diagram D. Sequence diagram
10. Is the following (C) not a component of MVC?
A. Model B. View C. Interface D. Controller
11. The relationship between classes does not include (D)
A. Dependency B. Generalization relationship C. Implementation relationship D. Decomposition relationship
12. The lower the coupling degree between modules, the more (A) the relationship between modules.
A. Loose B. Tight C. Unable to judge D. Equal
13. Software architecture design belongs to (A).
A. Summary design stage B. Detailed design stage C. Requirement analysis stage D. Preliminary development stage
14. The basic structure of structured programming does not include (D).
A. Loop B. Branch C. Order D. Concurrency
15. Which of the following designs is equivalent to the detailed door and window drawings (and specification description) of each room in a house (C).
A. Architecture design B. Component-level design C. Interface design D. Data design
16. (B) can be used to describe the relationship between the whole and the part between objects.
A. Association B. Aggregation C. Integration D. Dependency
17. Which type of messages are represented by dotted lines with arrows in the sequence diagram? (C).
A. Simple message B. Reverse message C. Return message D. Asynchronous message
18. Do not use (D) for modeling the architecture.
A. Component diagram B. Deployment diagram C. Package diagram D. Use case diagram
19. The data flow in the data flow graph includes (A) type.
A. Transformation and transactional B. Transformation and dispatching
C. Scheduling and transactional D. Data and control
20. The basic principles of component-level design do not include (B).
A. Opening and closing principle B. Concurrency principle C. Interface separation principle D. Dependency inversion principle
Chapter 5 Program Implementation
1. Which of the following options does not include the basic components of the programming language: C
A. Data component B. Control component C. Functional component D. Transmission component
2. The principle of structured programming does not include which of the following options: D
A. Simple structure B. Block mechanism C. Consistency D. Full linkage
3. Which of the following options does not include influencing the efficiency of the program: B
A. Storage B. Try to use multi-dimensional arrays C. Algorithm D. Input/output
4. Which of the following options does not include the meaning of the encoding specification: A
A. Easy to improve programming efficiency B. Make developers have evidence
C. Code is easy to read D. Easy to locate errors and change management
Chapter 6 Quality Assurance
1. Which of the following options does not include the software quality cost: D
A. Prevention cost B. Failure cost C. Evaluation cost D. Operation and maintenance cost
2. Software tests the corresponding relationship in the V model, which of the following options is wrong: A
A. The main purpose of acceptance testing is to check whether the system meets the requirements defined in the contract from the developer's perspective.
B. The main purpose of unit testing is to verify whether the software module is running correctly according to the detailed design specifications.
C. The main purpose of system testing is to verify whether the entire system meets the requirements specifications.
D. The main purpose of integration testing is to check whether multiple modules work together in the form of outline design instructions.
3. The following statement about unit testing is wrong.
A. The main purpose of unit testing is to check whether multiple modules work together in the form of outline design instructions.
B. Module interface testing is the content of unit testing
C. The main purpose of unit testing is to verify whether the software module is running correctly according to the detailed design specifications.
D. Integration test can only be carried out after the unit test is completed.
4. Does the bottom-up integration testing method require development (B) to build a test environment?
A. Pile module B. Drive module C. Bottom interface D. Layer 0 module
5. The following is not part of the system test content (D).
A. Functional test B. Performance test C. Stress test D. Local data structure test
6. The statement about acceptance test is wrong (D)
A. The last test operation before deploying the software
B. Acceptance test forms usually include α test, β test, etc.
C. During β testing, developers are usually not at the test site and perform software field applications in an environment that developers cannot control.
D. The acceptance test will conduct a white-box test on the correctness of the internal logic of the module.
7. Which of the following situations is not a software defect (B).
A. The software does not realize the functions required by the product manual. B. Software development has not been completed on schedule.
C. The software is difficult to understand, difficult to use, slow to run or - from the tester's perspective - the end user will think it is not good.
D. The software implements functions not mentioned in the product manual.
8. Which of the following methods does not include the logic coverage technology in white box testing (D)
A. Statement coverage B. Branch coverage C. Condition coverage D. Base path coverage
9. The following figure is a schematic diagram of a program flow chart. If the control flow chart is used to overwrite the test, the loop complexity of the program is (B)
A、2 B、3 C、4 D、5
10. Which option is subordinate that does not fall within the inspection scope (C) of black box testing?
A. On the interface, can the input be accepted correctly? Can the correct result be output?
B. Can the performance meet the requirements? C. Is the program easy to understand?
D. Is there any data structure error or external information access error?
11. If there is a calculation type program, its input quantity is only one X, and its range is [-1.0, 1.0]. Now consider a set of test cases from the input perspective: -1.001, -1.0, 1.0, 1.001. The method to design this set of test cases is (C)
A. Conditional coverage method B. Equivalence classification method C. Boundary value analysis method D. Incorrect inference method
12. The following types of errors cannot be found in black box test (D)
A. Incorrect or missing functions B. Interface error
C. Behavior or performance error D. Specific errors in internal code
13. Among software testing methods, black box and white box testing methods are commonly used, among which white box testing is mainly used for testing (D).
A. Structural rationality B. External functions of the software C. Program correctness D. Internal logic of the program
14. The following statement is incorrect (A).
A. Successful testing refers to discovering all errors in the program. B. Testing cannot prove that the program is correct.
C. Testing cannot prove that there are no errors in the program. D. Testing is to discover errors in the program.
15. The following options that do not belong to unit test content are (D).
A. Boundary condition test B. Module interface test C. Important execution path test D. Stress test
16. The following statement is incorrect (A).
A. The pile module is used to simulate the main program function, is used to pass data to the measured module, and receive and print the data returned from the measured module.
B. System testing is a test conducted from the perspective of user usage. The main task is to place the system that has completed the integrated test in a real operating environment for testing, for function confirmation and verification.
C. System testing basically uses black box testing methods
D. The basis for system testing is mainly software requirements specifications
17. In software testing, first unit tests are performed on each module separately, and then all modules are assembled together according to the design requirements, which is called (D).
A. Confirmation test B. System test C. Black box test D. Integration test
18. Methods for designing test cases with white box test include (C)
A. Error speculation B. State test C. Basic path test D. Boundary value analysis
19. The description of the basic concept of software testing is incorrect (D).
A. Software testing methods are divided into static analysis method and dynamic testing method.
B. Software testing is usually difficult to use the "exhaustive method" to test it.
C. The basic steps of software testing are: unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing.
D. The white box method is a static analysis method that can detect defects as early as possible. It is mainly used for module testing.
20. The following is not a static analysis method (D).
A. Desktop inspection B. Code review C. Check D. White box method
21. The incorrect description of the coverage standard in the white box method is (C).
A. Statement overwriting refers to selecting enough test cases so that each statement in the program can be executed at least once.
B. Judgment coverage refers to executing sufficient test cases so that each judgment obtains a "true" value and a "false" value at least once.
C. Conditional coverage refers to the execution of sufficient examples such that various possible combinations of conditions in each determination occur at least once.
D. Decision/conditional coverage refers to the execution of sufficient test cases so that each condition in the judgment takes various possible values, and each judgment takes various possible results.
22. The following statement is incorrect (A).
A. The equivalence classification method belongs to the white box testing method. B. The boundary value analysis method belongs to the black box testing method.
C. Conditional coverage belongs to the white box testing method. D. Branch coverage belongs to the white box testing method.
23. If there is a program whose input file can have 1-255 records, then the design use case: the number of records in the file is 0, 1, 255, and 256. The method to design this set of test cases is (C).
A. Conditional coverage method B. Equivalence classification method C. Boundary value analysis method D. Incorrect inference method
24. The following description of the V model is incorrect (D).
A. The development activities corresponding to unit testing are detailed designs.
B. The development stage corresponding to the integration test is outline design
C. The development activities corresponding to system testing are requirements analysis
D. The corresponding development activities of acceptance test are detailed designs
25. The following statement is incorrect (A).
A. Acceptance test is to check whether the system meets the needs from the developer's perspective.
B. In the equivalent classification method, a test case can only cover one invalid equivalent class.
C. The main purpose of unit testing is to verify whether the software module is running correctly according to the detailed design specifications.
D. The main purpose of integration testing is to check whether multiple modules work together in the form of outline design instructions.
26. The incorrect statement about regression testing is (A).
A. After correcting the discovered software defects, as long as you carefully design and modify them, there is no need to test the changed parts.
B. Regression testing refers to selectively retesting the system or its components to verify that there is no undesirable impact on software modifications.
C. Regression testing requires testing all new integrated programs
D. Regression testing requires testing all modified or modified programs
27. The incorrect statement about integration testing is (D).
A. Integration test is mainly based on the black box method. B. Integration test is carried out after the unit test is completed.
C. The advantage of top-down incremental integration is that it can detect problems in the system master control as soon as possible.
D. The advantage of bottom-up incremental integration is that it can detect problems in system master control as soon as possible.
28. The tests conducted by the end customers pre-issued by the software on one or more customer places are called (A). A. β test B. Integration test C. Parallel run D. α test
Fill in the blanks
- Software crisis refers to a series of serious problems encountered in the development and maintenance of computer software.
- (Software Process) is a framework for a series of tasks that need to be accomplished in order to obtain high-quality software.
- The system flow chart is essentially a (physical) data flow chart.
- The ER model can be used as an effective communication tool between (users) and analysts.
- The second normal form satisfies the first normal form conditions, and each non-keyword attribute is determined by the entire keyword.
- One of the main problems encountered in concurrent systems is the (timed) problem.
- Formal specifications eliminate (ambiguity), which reduces errors.
- The requirements analysis phase (data flow graph) is an excellent starting point for overall design.
- Software engineers should further design (database) based on the system data requirements determined in the requirements analysis stage.
- The design method for data flow is to map information flow into (software structure)
- The quality of the program is (inversely proportional to the number of GO TO statements.
- (Variability) refers to the deviation of the system response time relative to the average response time.
- Human-computer interface design is an important part of (interface) design.
- (encoding) and testing are usually collectively referred to as implementations.
- (Black box) Testing method treats the program as a black box, completely ignoring the internal structure and processing of the program.
- (Acceptance) test is also called confirmation test.
- The main goal of integration testing is to discover problems related to (interface).
- Usually (white box) testing is performed at an early stage of the testing process.
- Software (reliability) is the probability that the program will run successfully in accordance with the specifications within a given time interval.
- The process of diagnosing and correcting errors is usually called (correction) maintenance.
- The traditional software development method focuses on algorithms, and the development process is based on functional analysis and (functional decomposition).
- Object-oriented software technology has great flexibility when constructing new software systems using (reusable) software components.
- In C++, polymorphism is implemented through (virtual functions).
- If an object in a partial party in the aggregation relationship can participate at the same time in the composition of multiple objects in the aggregation side, the aggregation is called (shared) aggregation.
- The opposite of multiple inheritance is (disintersecting) inheritance.
- Object-oriented methodology believes that the objective world is composed of (objects).
- Among the three models established with an object-oriented perspective, (object model) is the most basic, most important and most core.
- (Theme) is a mechanism that guides readers to understand large and complex models.
- After determining the attributes that should be defined in the class, you can use the (inheritance) mechanism to share the common properties.
- For systems that only store static data, the (dynamic) model does not make much sense, but it plays a very important role in developing interactive systems.
- We can divide object-oriented design into system design and (object) design
- Due to the encapsulation of the class, users can use appropriate (constructor) functions to create instances of the class as needed without understanding the implementation details.
- When organizing a subsystem into a complete system, there are two options for horizontal hierarchical organization and (vertical block) organization.
- During object-oriented design, the system's human-computer (interaction) subsystem should be designed in detail.
- The theoretical basis of a relational database management system is (relational algebra).
- The object model derived from object-oriented analysis usually does not describe in detail the (service) in the class.
- If the repetitive numbers of the association are multivariate, you need to use a (pointer set) to implement the association.
- Access efficiency can be improved by increasing (redundant) associations.
- It is reasonable to use (inheritance) mechanisms to achieve behavior sharing only when there is a real general-special relationship.
- More complete class libraries often also provide (interface) classes independent of specific devices.
- The so-called (parameter) class is a mechanism that uses one or more types to parameterize a class.
- When testing object-oriented software, operations should be tested as part of (class).
- After starting the integration of an object-oriented system, testing (inter-class collaboration) must be performed.
- (Software Project Management) Begins before any technology begins and runs throughout the entire life cycle of the software.
- If the project (duration) is extended a little, the workload required to complete the project can be reduced.
- (Cloud Class) According to (the main body of software development work), the software survival cycle process can be divided into basic processes, support processes and organizational processes.
Judgment question - There are many serious problems in the software development and maintenance process, which is related to the scale of the software. (×)
- Exporting software structure is a typical feasibility study process (×) (Knowledge point) (1) Determine project scale and goals (2) Research running systems (3) Establish a logical model of a new system (4) Export and evaluate various solutions (5) Recommend feasibility plans (6) Prepare a feasibility study report (7) Submit a feasibility study report
- When facing complex systems, a better way is to describe the system in a hierarchical manner. (√)
- Data dictionary is the first step in developing a database, and it is a very valuable step. (√)
- Hierarchical block diagrams cannot represent a complete data structure. (×)
- There is no need to verify the reality of the requirement (×)
- The so-called formal method is a mathematics-based technology that describes the nature of the system. (√)
- The overall design process usually consists of two main stages, where the system design stage determines the software structure (×)
- Simply put, an ideal cohesive module does only one thing. (√)
- A fan-out of a module indicates how many superior modules call it directly. (×)
- The connections between the frames of the hierarchy map express the compositional relationship. (×)
- In the structural diagram, the tail of the arrow is a solid circle that indicates that the control information is transmitted. (√)
- The goal of the data structure-oriented design method is to give a systematic approach to designing software structures. (×)
- Optimization is to make it faster first and then make it work.
- The ring complexity of any flow graph is equal to the number of decision nodes plus one. (×)
- The purpose of software testing is to discover and correct errors. (×)
- The goal of debugging is to fully expose errors in the program. (×)
- All tests should be traced back to user requirements (√)
- White box testing is also called functional testing. (×) (Knowledge point) White box testing is also called structural testing, which is mainly used to detect errors in the software encoding process. Black box testing is also called functional testing, which mainly detects whether each function of the software can be used normally.
- If a person is the designer and writer of the program, or the writer of the program is the tester, the review team should add another programmer. (√)
- Alpha testing is performed by end users of the software in one or more customer locations. (×)
- The method defined in the class is to allow operations applied to objects of the class. (√)
- Maintaining object-oriented software is mainly achieved by deriveing some new classes from existing classes. (√)
- Objects are essentially parallel. (√)
- In C++, function overloading is implemented through dynamic programming. (×)
- Refinement relationships describe the semantic connection relationship between two model elements. (×)
- In fact, when developing software with an object-oriented method, the division of stages is very vague. (√)
- System analysts must distinguish requirements from implementation strategies (√)
- Requirements statements should clarify how to do it rather than what to do. (×)
- .In the process of establishing an object model, the service must be determined. (×)
- The distance between the arrow lines in the event tracking graph indicates the exact time difference between the two events. (×)
- We should reduce the intensity of inheritance coupling (×) (knowledge point) and the degree of inheritance coupling should be higher.
- Tight inheritance coupling is inconsistent with high general-special cohesion. (×)
- When developing software using an object-oriented approach, there is no clear dividing line between analysis and design. (√)
- In the process of improving scalability, multiple links should be traversed in one way. (×)
- The confirmation test for object-oriented systems is white box-oriented. (×)
- The correctness proof process itself can also be incorrect. (√)
- (Cloud Class) Support Process refers to the set of activities related to software production organizations. (×)
- (Cloud Class) The meaning of the software survival cycle is to show that the evolution and development of software are periodic and needs to be updated every time. (×)
- (Cloud Class) When a version of the software is eliminated, the survival cycle of the software ends (×)
- (Cloud Class) The software survival cycle process represents a process within the software survival cycle. (×)
- (Cloud Class) Software survival cycle model is the organization of processes, activities and tasks in the software survival cycle. (×)
- (Cloud Class) Software development model is the structural framework of activities and tasks in the software development process. (×)
- (Cloud Class) The software survival cycle model must take all types of processes, activities and tasks into a model that meets the needs of each software project. (×)
- (Cloud Class) model must be an abstraction of the physical environment from a specific perspective under a specific intention (√)
- (Cloud Class) Basic motivations of layering in software development The complexity of space-time development (√)
- (Cloud Class) Compared with hardware, software is easier to modify and is easier to modify correctly (×)
- (Cloud Class) The development process using the waterfall model is a top-down development method, while the development process of software component reuse is a bottom-up development method (√)
- (Cloud Class) Any software development process must start with software requirements (√)
- (Cloud Class) Function description of product or system development in the era of software requirements (×)
- (Cloud Class) Quality attributes must provide quantitative measurement indicators (√)
- (Cloud Class) Non-functional requirements must exist based on functional requirements (√)
- (Cloud Class) Object-oriented is a program development method that uses an object-oriented programming language (×)
- (Cloud Class) There can be multiple operations in a class or no operations (√)
- (Cloud Class) All classes must correspond to objective things and must have specific examples (×)
- (Cloud Class) interfaces have no association, generalization, implementation and dependency, nor can they participate in generalization, implementation and dependency (×)
- (Cloud Class) Interface can not only describe the external visible operation of the class, but also describe its internal structure (×)
- (Cloud Class) The basic motivation for stratification in software development is to control the complexity of development (√)
- (Cloud Class) Support Process refers to the set of activities related to software production organization (×)
- (Cloud Class) Software survival cycle model is the organization of processes, activities and tasks in the software survival cycle (√)
- (Cloud Class) The dependency of private rooms usually implies one or more dependencies that exist between various package elements (√)
- (Cloud Class) packages can contain other types of model elements, but they cannot be nested in other packages (×)
- (Cloud Class) For each object of the class associated with the other end, only one object may appear on the native class (×)
- (Cloud Class) In a relationship of the class, the role can be displayed (√)
- (Cloud Class) In the relationship, aggregation is a special form of combination (×)
- (Yun Class) For each association relationship, it needs to be explained by its multiple nature. If the name is not mentioned, the default is (√)
- (Cloud Class) Annotations and constraints are not part of the class diagram (×)
- (Cloud Class) Class diagram mainly uses "classes" to abstract various components of the system, excluding the system environment (×)
- (Cloud Class) Model rules can be established during the OOA process, or they can be scattered in various activities (√)
- (Cloud Class) The ultimate goal of OOA is to produce an OOA model that can only directly reflect the problem domain (×)
- (Cloud Class) If an interaction is initiated by participants outside the system, the first object to handle the monitoring is the active object (√)
- (Cloud Class) Objects related to implementation conditions are objects that need to be paid attention to in the OOA stage (×)
- (Cloud Class) In the process of object classification, for classes with similar attributes and operations, it is necessary to consider being able to extract a general class or partial class (√)
- (Cloud Class) Dependency is a usage relationship. If the used class changes, the operations of another class will also be affected (√)
- (Cloud Class) During the OOA process, no active object or active operation is required (×)
- (Cloud Class) The properties of a class must be suitable for all objects of this class and all special classes. At the same time, operations in a class should also be suitable for every object instance of this class and all special classes (√)
- (Cloud Class) During the OOA process, in order to improve the execution speed of the operation, you can consider adding some attributes to maintain the phased execution results of the operation (×)
- (Cloud Class) Dependency is a usage relationship. If the used class changes, the operations of another class will also be affected (√)
- (Cloud Class) When initially establishing relationships between classes, associations can be used temporarily. In the final class diagram, if other relationships can be used to clearly indicate the meaning of the relationship between classes, do not apply the association (×)
- (Cloud Class) The association relationship can be named by verbs or verb-object structures, and the naming of the association cannot be defaulted (×)
- (Cloud Class) There can only be one relationship between two objects (×)
- Q (cloud class) is similar to structured analysis and design, there is also a certain gap between object-oriented analysis and design (×)
- (Cloud Class) The four parts of the OOD model adopt concepts, representations, activities and strategies consistent with OOA (×)
- (Cloud Class) All implementation factors can be effectively isolated through some independent components newly defined in OOD (×)
- (Cloud Class) The definition of details that are not completed in OOA needs to be completed in OOD, so the main task of OOD is to refine OOA (×)
- (Cloud Class) OOA emphasizes the truthful reflection of problem domains, and OOD considers implementation problems. When the language used does not support multiple inheritance and polymorphism, multiple inheritance and polymorphism need to be adjusted according to the programming language. (×)
- (Cloud Class) The design of human-computer interaction needs to focus on the situation of the largest proportion of applicable people, and appropriately take into account other people (√)
- (Cloud Class) Human-computer interaction is a task in the OOD stage, and it does not need to be considered in the OOA stage (×)
- (Cloud Class) The interaction content requirements of human-computer interaction are not only related to the functional requirements of the system, but also have a lot to do with people's subjective consciousness (×)
- (Cloud Class) The design of the human-computer interaction part can extract the human-computer interaction content and process from the use case. During the extraction process, all statements that are independent of input and output need to be deleted. (√)
Short answer questions - What are the levels of software reuse?
(1) Reuse of knowledge (2) Reuse of methods and standards (3) Reuse of software components - Can the output information of the software process be divided into?
(1) Computer program (2) Trace the relevant documents of the computer program (3) Data
3. What is multiple inheritance
Refers to the function of a class that can inherit behavior and features from more than one parent class at the same time. Against single inheritance - What is software engineering?
Software engineering is an engineering discipline that guides the development of software systems. It is guided by the theories of computer theory and other related disciplines. It adopts engineering concepts, principles, technologies and methods to develop and maintain software, and combines scientific management measures proven by practice with the most advanced technical methods. The goal of software engineering research is to "acquire high-quality software with less investment.
(1) Apply systematic, standardized, and measurable ways to software development, operation and maintenance processes, that is, apply engineering to software.
(2) Study the above-mentioned approach
5. What is a software crisis? How to solve it?
Refers to a series of serious problems encountered during the development and maintenance of computer software
(1) Learn and learn from the accumulation of human beings in various engineering projects for a long time, especially the experience and lessons learned
(2) Research and explore better methods and eliminate some wrong concepts and practices as soon as possible
(3) Adopt strict management and ensure consistency and integrity of all types of documents
6. At least from what aspects can the feasibility of each solution be studied?
(1) Technical feasibility (2) Economic feasibility (3) Operation feasibility
7. In what aspects should the correctness of the requirements be verified?
(1) Consistency (2) Completeness (3) Reality (4) Validity (5) Accuracy
8.What is a formal method?
Techniques that describe the properties of systems based on mathematics. Formalization = Have a solid mathematical foundation
9. In the overall design stage, what types of documents are completed?
(1) System Description (2) User Manual (3) Test Plan (4) Detailed Implementation Plan (5) Database Design Results
10. What are the advantages of code inspections and computer testing?
(1) Reduce workload and improve efficiency. After computer tests find errors, they need to correct them before continuing to test. Errors are discovered and corrected one by one, but you can check many errors by just checking them once.
11. What kinds of maintenance activities are there?
(1) Corrective maintenance (2) Adaptive maintenance (3) Perfect maintenance (4) Preventive maintenance
12. What are the advantages of object-oriented methodology?
(1) Consistent with human habitual thinking (2) Good stability (3) Good reusability (4) Easier to develop large software products
13. What are the connections between classes?
(1) Relationship (2) Inheritance (3) Dependence (4) Refinement
14. What is the composition of the hierarchy of large-scale system object model?
(1) Theme layer (2) Class and object layer (3) Structural layer (4) Attribute layer (5) Service layer
15. What are the methods to test a single class?
(1) Random test (2) Division test (3) Fault-based test
16. 5 levels of ability maturity?
(1) Initial Level (2) Repeatable Level (3) Defined Level (4) Managed Level (5) Optimization Level
17. (Cloud Class) What are the characteristics of computer software compared with computer hardware?
(1) It is abstract (2) There is no obvious manufacturing process (3) There is a problem of degradation
(4) There are varying degrees of dependence on computer systems (5) There is no complete escape from manual development methods
(6) The software itself is complex (7) The software is quite expensive (8) A considerable amount of software work involves social factors
18. (Cloud Class) Basic principles of software engineering?
(1) Meet the required software functions. (2) Obtain better software performance. (3) Develop high-quality software.
(4) Pay low development costs (5) Need low maintenance costs (6) Be able to complete the development work on time and deliver it to use in a timely manner.
19. What are the contents of software engineering research (cloud class)?
The research content of software engineering mainly includes the following two parts: Software development technology. Mainly research software development methods, software development processes, software development tools and environment. Software development process management. Mainly research on software engineering economics and software management. - (Cloud Class) Three elements of software engineering?
(1) Method. (2) Tools. (3) Process - (Cloud Class) The goal of software engineering?
(1) Meet the required software functions. (2) Obtain better software performance. (3) Develop high-quality software.
(4) Pay low development costs. (5) Low maintenance costs are required. (6) Be able to complete the development work on time and deliver it to use in a timely manner.
22. What are the software development methods (cloud class)?
(1) Structured method. (2) Data structure-oriented method. (3) Object-oriented method. (4) Formal method.
23. (Cloud Class) What is a software process model? What are the main models?
(1) The software process model is the structural framework of all software development processes, activities and tasks. It intuitively expresses the entire process of software development and clearly stipulates the main activities, tasks and development strategies to be completed.
(2) Main models of software process: waterfall model, prototype model, incremental model, spiral model, fountain model, unified process wake-up, component-based model, agile development model, etc.
24. (Cloud Class) Why is incremental development suitable for business software? Is it suitable for real-time control systems?
(1) Reasons for incremental development suitable for business software: it can be put into the market early; gradual delivery of products can better adapt to changes in demand; during development, you can see intermediate software products, put forward improvement suggestions, reduce rework, and reduce development risks; open architectures are easy to maintain
(2) Incremental development is not suitable for real-time control systems. Reason: Real-time control systems usually require clear and stable requirements, relatively mature technology, high requirements for software quality, and strict engineering management. - Q (class) The difference between polymorphism and overloading?
Overload means that the same operation name can be defined multiple times in the same class, and they are distinguished by the number, type or order of parameters.
Polymorphism refers to having the same attributes and operations in the inheritance structure, and can have different types and behaviors in different classes. - (Classroom) Structured analysis method?
(1) The data flow diagram points out how the data is transformed when moving in the software system, and depicts the functions and sub-functions of transforming the data flow, and is used for functional modeling.
(2) Entity-Relationship Chart (E-R Chart) The relationship between temple fair data objects, used for data modeling
(3) The state transition diagram specifies the system behavior as the result of external events and is used for behavior modeling - (Classroom) Stage of the software life cycle?
(1) Feasibility study (2) Requirements analysis (3) Software design (4) Coding (5) Software testing (6) Software maintenance
Chapter 1 Homework
1. What is software engineering?
Reference answer: (1) Apply systematic, standardized and quantifiable methods to the development, operation and maintenance of software, that is, apply engineering methods to software. (2) Research on the method described in (1).
Chapter 2 Homework
1. What is a software process model? What are the main models (4 or more answers)?
Reference answer: (1) The software process model is the structural framework of all software development processes, activities and tasks. It intuitively expresses the entire process of software development and clearly stipulates the main activities, tasks and development strategies to be completed.
(2) Main models of software process: waterfall model, prototype model, incremental model, spiral model, fountain model, unified process wake-up, component-based model, agile development model, etc.
2. Why is incremental development suitable for business software? Is it suitable for real-time control systems?
Reference answers: (1) Reasons for incremental development suitable for business software: it can be put into the market early; gradual delivery of products can better adapt to changes in demand; during development, you can see intermediate software products, put forward improvement suggestions, reduce rework, and reduce development risks; open architectures are easy to maintain;
(2) Incremental development is not suitable for real-time control systems. Reason: Real-time control systems usually require clear and stable requirements, relatively mature technology, high requirements for software quality, and strict engineering management.
Chapter 3 Homework
1. What is a structured analysis method? What description tool is used for this method?
Reference answer: Structured Analysis (SA) is a method for performing requirements analysis for data flows. The main idea of structured analysis is to adopt an analysis strategy that decomposes from top to bottom layer by layer, that is, when facing a complex problem, it is impossible for analysts to consider all aspects and all details of the problem from the beginning. The strategy adopted is often decomposition, dividing a complex problem into several small problems, and then solving it separately, reducing the complexity of the problem to a level that people can master. Decomposition can be carried out in layers. First consider the most essential aspects of the problem, ignore the details, form the high-level concept of the problem, and then add details layer by layer. That is, different degrees of "abstract" levels are used in the layering process. The problems at the highest level are the most abstract, while the lower level is more specific. The description tools of the structured analysis (SA) method include: data flow chart, data dictionary, structured language that describes processing logic, judgment tables, judgment trees, etc. Answered from the three aspects of description tools: functional model, data model, and behavioral model.
2. What is a dictionary? What is its function? What entries does it have?
Reference answer: Data Dictionary (DD) is used to define the specific meaning of each component in a data flow diagram. It provides a consistent definition and detailed description of relevant elements for the analysis, design and maintenance of the system in an accurate and ambiguity-free way. The data flow diagram only describes the "decomposition" of the system, which parts are composed of, and the connection between the parts. It does not provide detailed explanations on each data stream, processing, and data storage. For example, the names of the data stream and data storage cannot reflect the data components, data item content and data characteristics, and cannot reflect the processing process during processing, etc. The data dictionary has the following four types of entries: data flow, data items, files, and basic processing.
3. What is an object-oriented method? What is the idea of object-oriented problem solving?
Reference answer: The object-oriented method is a software development method that uses the concepts of objects, classes, inheritance, encapsulation, aggregation, association, message, polymorphism, etc. to construct a system. The idea of solving problems with the object-oriented method is to start from objective objects in the real world (such as people and things) and try to use human natural thinking to construct software systems. This is different from the traditional structured method starting from functions and information engineering method starting from information.
4. There is a hospital patient monitoring system. The symptom monitoring device is responsible for the patient's inflammatory monitoring, collects the patient's disease signals in real time, and formats the disease signals and transmits them back to the central monitoring system. The central monitoring system stores the disease signals in the central database and compares the disease signals with the standard signals. It automatically alerts when abnormalities occur. Please give this system's use case diagram and describe the include and extend relationship between use cases.
Reference answer: Scoring criteria: If you give 2 participants correctly, you will get 2 points and 1 participant 1 point; if you give at least 6 correct use cases, each 1 point, up to 6 points; if you give at least 1 include relationship correctly, you will get 1 point, up to 1 point; if you give the extend relationship correctly, you will get 1 point.
5. There is an existing book ordering system: the customer fills out the order and hands it over to the bookstore. The bookstore first checks the order based on the book catalog of the order, enters the qualified order into the system for processing, and stores it in the order library. The orders on the day are summarized before getting off work every day and the summary results are sent to the publishing house. Please draw the data flow diagram of the 0th and 1th layer of this system to correctly express the relationship between external items, data processing, data storage and the three.
Reference answer: Scoring criteria: 3 points are obtained when correctly given the 0th layer data flow diagram, 1 external item and 1 data processing score; 7 points are obtained when correctly given the 1st layer data flow diagram, 1 external item and 1 point is obtained when no more than 2 points, 1 data processing score is obtained when no more than 3 points, 1 data storage score is obtained when no more than 2 points.
Chapter 4 Homework
1. What are the two criteria for measuring module independence? What does each mean? What is the relationship between them?
Reference answer: cohesion and coupling. Cohesion refers to the degree of tightness between the elements inside the module. Coupling refers to the interdependence between modules. If cohesion is strong, coupling is weak, and vice versa.
2. What is software architecture? Please give two examples of software architectures.
Reference answer: A software architecture is one or more structures of a system that includes software components, external visible properties of components, and their relationships. Two examples, such as layering, pipeline filter or data centering, etc., are explained, one example is 1 point.
3. Please create the sequence diagram described below. (1) The borrower hopes to borrow a book through the librarian; (2) The borrower handes the library certificate and book to the librarian; (3) The librarian enters the reader's library certificate number and book number into the borrowed book interface LendBookWindow; (4) The borrowed book interface LendBookWindow requests to load book information from the Book object according to the book number; (5) The Book object returns the book information to the borrowed book interface LendBookWindow; (6) The borrowed book interface LendBookWindow requests to add the book information and borrower number to the Loan object; (7) The Loan object adds borrowed information and returns the borrowed book interface LendBookWindow; (8) The borrowing book interface LendBookWindow shows that the borrowing is completed; (9) The librarian returns the library certificate and books to the borrower.
Reference answer: Scoring criteria: 1 point for answering a request message correctly, 1 point for answering a role correctly
4. Enter a number X, find the maximum value of i that makes 1 + 2 + … + i <= X true, and draw the program flowchart for the solution.
Reference answer: Scoring criteria: One point is deducted if the flowchart symbol is wrong, and 5 points will be obtained if the problem-solving logic is correct. The reference answers are as follows:
Chapter 6 Homework
1. During the shopping festival on November 11, the shopping amount is greater than 500, and the discount will be given at a 20% discount, while the others will be given a 10% discount. The program flow chart and corresponding code have been given, and the white box testing method with logic coverage is required for testing. (1) Design a set of test cases to achieve statement coverage; (2) Design a set of test cases to achieve branch coverage; (3) Design a set of test cases to achieve condition coverage. input a,b c=a if b=11-11 then if a≤300 then c=0.9a else c=0.8a endif endif output c
Reference answer: (1) Sentence coverage Two groups: a≤300,b=11-11; a>300,b=11-11 (2) Branch coverage Three branches: a≤300,b=11-11; a>300,b=11-11; b≠11-11 (3) Condition coverage The first judgment: b=11-11 Take the true as T1, take the false as T1, and the first judgment: a≤300 Take the true as T2, and take the false as T2. Each possible value for each condition is executed at least once
2. There is a course schedule system, and the input data structure is {course number, course category, weekly, experimental course schedule}, and the requirements are as follows: the course number is a combination of letters and numbers, which must start with letters, and the course categories are {compulsory courses and elective courses}. The course schedule weekly is required to be 1 to 16 weeks. The course schedule requirement is Boolean: Yes or No. Please use the equivalent class division method to design test cases to test the input function of the system. Equivalent Class Table Input Conditions Valid Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Class
Reference answer: (1) Divide the equivalent classes (equivalent to each equivalent class or invalid equivalent class 0.5 points) (2) Design test cases (1 point per test case) Cover the valid equivalent classes, cover as many valid equivalent classes as possible with the fewest test cases Cover the invalid equivalent classes, cover the invalid equivalent class with one test case
Software Engineering Test Questions + Drawing Questions
1. Multiple choice questions
1. The waterfall model divides the software life cycle into eight stages: problem definition, feasibility study, software requirements analysis, overall system design, detailed design, coding, testing and operation, and maintenance. The eight stages can be summarized into three major stages: planning stage, development stage and -. ©
A Detailed plan B. Feasibility analysis C Operation stage D Testing and troubleshooting
2. In the structured waterfall model, which stage defines the criteria will become the purpose of the software testing system testing phase (A)
ARequirement analysis stage B Detailed design stage C. Summary design stage D Feasibility study stage,
3. The emergence of software engineering is mainly due to ©,
AThe influence of programming methodology B. The influence of other engineering sciences
C. The emergence of software crisis D. The development of computers
4. The purpose of software engineering methodology is to standardize and engineer software production, and the main guarantee for the implementation of software engineering methods is (C)
A. Hardware environment B. Software development environment
C. Software development tools and software development environment D. Developer quality
5. The two basic methods commonly used in software development are structured and prototyped methods. In actual applications, the relationship between them is manifested as (B)
A. Mutual Exclusion B complement each other C use independently D use alternately
It is an important tool in software development. Which software development method is mainly used in?
A. Structural method based on waterfall model B. Prototyping method based on dynamic definition of requirements
C. Object-oriented method based on object D. Data-based data flow development method
7. Among the following software development methods, which one has the highest requirements for software design and developer development (B)
A. Structured method B Prototyping method C Object-oriented method D Control flow method
8. Structured analysis method is a method that strictly defines requirements in advance. When implemented, it emphasizes the (B) of the analysis object.
A. Control flow B. Data flow C Program flow D. Instruction flow
9. The structured life cycle method of software development divides the software life cycle into (A)
Plan A development stage operation stage Plan B programming stage Test stage
C. Overall design detailed design programming and debugging D. Requirement analysis function definition system design
10. The waterfall model of software development generally divides the development process into: analysis, design, coding and testing stages. It is generally believed that the stage that may occupy the most people is ©
A. Analysis stage B Design stage C Coding stage D Test stage
11. The software survival cycle model suitable for object-oriented methodology is (B)
A Waterfall Model B Fountain Model C. Spiral Model D. Incremental Model
12 From the perspective of the structured waterfall model, among the eight stages of its life cycle, which of the following options has the greatest impact on the software is ©
A Detailed design stage B Summary design stage C Requirements analysis stage D Test and operation stage
13 From a practical perspective, data standardization uses the __ paradigm in most occasions. ©
A.1 B.2 C.3 D.5
14. The purpose of feasibility analysis research is (A)
A. Is the project worth developing? B. Strive for the project C. Development project D. Functional convergence
15. The most cohesive module is (D)
A Logical cohesion B. Time cohesion C. Occasional cohesion D Function cohesion
16. There is a sharp contradiction between the high cost required to develop software and the low quality of the product. This phenomenon is called (B)
A. Software Engineering B. Software Crisis C. Software Cycle D Software Generation
17. The task in the requirements analysis phase is to determine (D)
A Software Development Method B Software Development Tool C Software Development Fee D Functions of Software System
18. The complete software structure is usually represented by a diagram. (B)
Picture Picture Picture Picture
19. It is the weakest coverage standard in the design of white box technology test cases. (A)
A. Statement B. Path C conditional combination D. Determination
20 The structured life cycle method commonly used in software development is generally called (A) due to its characteristics.
A Waterfall Model B Object Model C. Spiral Model D. Hierarchical Model
2. Fill in the blanks
1. The system flow chart is a traditional tool to describe physical models, and uses graphic symbols to represent the information flow between various elements in the system.
2. The purpose of cost-benefit analysis is to evaluate whether developing a project is feasible from an economic perspective.
3. The incremental test method combined from top to bottom has two combination strategies when combining modules; depth-first strategy and width-first strategy.
4. Independent paths refer to a path that includes a set of statements or conditions that have not been processed before. From the program diagram, an independent path is a path that contains at least one edge that has never been found in other independent paths.
5. Assembly language is machine-oriented and can complete special functions that cannot be completed by high-level languages. For example, some interfaces work with external devices.
6. Unit testing is generally based on white box testing and supplemented by black box testing.
7. The task of detailed design is to determine the internal characteristics of each module, namely the module's algorithm and the data used.
8. All software maintenance application reports must be submitted in the prescribed manner, and the report is also called the software problem report.
9…There are two types of maintenance technologies: maintenance-oriented technologies used in the development stage to reduce errors and improve software maintainability; maintenance support technologies used in the maintenance stage to improve the efficiency and quality of maintenance.
10. Scientific engineering calculation requires a large number of standard library functions to handle complex numerical calculations. The languages available are: FORTRAN, PASCAL, C and PL/1.
11. The most widely used software engineering methods are traditional methodology and object-oriented methodology
12. Feasibility study mainly focuses on the following four aspects: economic feasibility, technical feasibility, legal feasibility and choices.
13. There are three major categories of common software outline design methods: constructing module structure based on data flow diagrams
Structural design method The Jackson method of constructing modules based on data structures, and an object-oriented design method based on objects, classes, inheritance and communication.
14. Data flow diagram and data dictionary together form the logical model of the system.
3. Judgment question
1. The development and operation of software are often restricted and restricted by hardware. (T)
2. High cohesion within modules often means loose coupling between modules. (T)
The graph can only express the program structure, but cannot express the data structure. (F)
4. During the software life cycle, I need to conduct requirements analysis and then conduct feasibility study. (F)
5. The quality of the software is mainly the responsibility of the acceptance personnel, and other developers do not need to care about it. (F)
6. The determination coverage does not necessarily include conditional coverage, and the conditional coverage does not necessarily include judgment coverage. (T)
7. You should try to use machine language to write code to improve program operation efficiency and reduce the use of high-level languages. (F)
It can only be applied to the establishment of software system models. (F)
9. Fault tolerance means that each program is written using two different algorithms. (F)
10. The purpose of software testing is to find all errors without any omissions. (F)
11. The connection between modules should be strengthened when conducting overall design. (F)
12. The system structure diagram is a graphic representation that accurately expresses the structure of the program. Therefore, the system structure diagram can sometimes be used as a unified flowchart. (F)
13. When testing using the black box method, the test cases are designed based on the internal logic of the program. (F)
14. When debugging a program, it is more difficult to find the location and nature of the error than to correct the error. (T)
15. Object-oriented design method (00D) based on objects, classes, inheritance and communication is also one of the common software outline design methods. (T)
16. If no errors are found through software testing, it means that the software is correct. (F)
17. Rapid prototype models can effectively adapt to the dynamic changes in user needs. (T)
18. The software design principles of modularity, information hiding, abstraction and gradual improvement help to obtain high cohesion and low coupling software products (T)
19. Integration testing is mainly completed by users. (F)
20. The software crisis is entirely caused by hardware problems. (F)
4. Explanation of nouns
1. Software development environment
Based on basic hardware and host software, a set of software used to support the engineering development and maintenance of system software and application software.
2. Error speculation method
Error speculation refers to using intuition and experience to guess the possible types of errors, and lists all possible errors and prone to errors in the program. It is a test case design method that testers with experienced testers like to use.
3. Black box testing method
In black box testing, the tester regards the software system being tested as a box, and does not need to relate to the internal structure and internal characteristics of the box. He only focuses on the input data and output results of the software product, so as to check whether the software product complies with its functional description.
4. Software quality assurance
Software quality assurance is to establish a planned and systematic method to ensure that the formulated standards, steps, practices and methods can be correctly adopted by all projects. The purpose of software quality assurance is to make the software process visible to managers. It verifies that the software is in compliance with standards by reviewing and auditing software products and activities. The Software Quality Assurance Group participates in the establishment of plans, standards and processes at the beginning of the project. These will enable the software project to meet the requirements of the organization's policy.
5. Waterfall model
During the software development process, requirements do not occur or change very little, and developers can obtain all requirements at once; the risk of software projects is low; developers are familiar with the software application field.
6. Software life cycle
The software life cycle refers to the process of software products from proposal, implementation, use and maintenance to cessation of use and decommissioning.
7. Unit Testing
It refers to the inspection and verification of the smallest testable unit in the software.
5. Short answer questions
1 A certain news management system is mainly used to publish news. The administrator only needs one. After logging in, you can
Post news in the background. Anyone can browse news, and the viewer can register as a system member.
The news can be commented on. Administrators can manage news, comments, and registered members in the background, such as repair
Change, delete, etc.
Requirements: Please draw the use case diagram of this news management system
(After class exercises) 2. A certain library management system has the following capabilities.
①Borrow books. The readers who lose their books are borrowed. The system first checks whether the book loan certificate is valid. If it is valid, it will be for the first time to read the book loan.
If the reader has more than 10 books, he/she will be requested to check whether the reader has borrowed more than 10 books. If there are 10 books, he/she will refuse to borrow and less than 10 books. He/she will apply for a loan letter (check the reader’s borrowing directory and log in to the borrowing file).
② Return the book. Read the records related to the reader from the borrowed documents and check the borrowed date. If the period exceeds the period (3 months), a fine will be taken. Otherwise, modify the inventory directory and borrowed documents.
③ Query. You can check the reader's status, book borrowing status and inventory status through book borrowing files and inventory directory files, and print various statistical tables.
(After class exercises) 3. Draw the corresponding state transition diagram according to the following description
Enter the password after inserting the magnetic card before going to the ATM. If the password is incorrect, the system will ask for the password to be entered again. If the 3-input is incorrect, the service will be exited. After entering the password correctly, the system will prompt you to select the service type. If you select deposit, you will perform a deposit operation. After the deposit is completed, you can choose to continue the service or you can choose to exit the service. If you choose to withdraw money, you can perform the withdrawal operation. After the withdrawal is completed, you can choose to continue the service or opt out of the service.
IncorrectWithdrawal
Three times incorrect
(Textbook Question) 4. The Human Resource Management Management System of a training institution has multiple functions such as registration, payment, and study, and has many data tables such as course sheet (course number, course name, charging standard) student registration form (student number, name, telephone number), student course selection form (student number, course number, class number) account form (student number, fee Jinrongmao) and other data tables.
Below is an explanation of its functions
(1) Registration: The registration office is responsible for it. Registration is required on the student registration form. It is necessary to check the course schedule for students to choose the registration.
For courses, the courses enrolled by the students will be recorded in the students' course selection schedule.
(2) Payment: The charging department is responsible for it, and the fee needs to be charged according to the fee standards of the courses submitted by the students and then recorded in the account list.
and print the receipt of payment to the students who handle the payment.
(3) Study: The training department is responsible for it. After verifying the student’s receipt of payment, it arranges the student to study in a suitable class based on the courses submitted by the student.
Please use a structured method to draw the top-level diagram and 0-layer diagram of the entrance and school management system, and write out its data dictionary.
(1) For a training institution, the main external users are non-students, students, and staff. Non-students become students by registering. Students can only attend classes if they pay the fee. Staff need to register students, charge fees and arrange students to attend. Based on the above analysis, the top-level map is obtained.
(2) A non-student becomes a student by registering. He needs to provide personal information to the registration office, which is responsible for recording the information and providing students' course selection information by querying the course schedule. After the students choose the course, they record the students' fruit selection information in the course schedule.
(3) Students report their student numbers to the charging office. The charging department obtains course information by checking the course selection schedule. Query the amount of receivable by querying the course schedule, and record the information in the account list, and finally charge the students and print the account information.
(4) Students provide payment certificates to the training department. After the training department has verified the student payment voucher, it will provide the student class number by querying the course selection schedule and assign it to the designated class to attend classes.
(Textbook question) 5. The following will introduce the practical methods and the use of related tools for soft work engineering development using the "small online bookstore system" as an example. The online bookstore system aims to realize the e-commerce model of book sales and meet the needs of dealers and users for electronic transactions, thereby giving full play to the advantages of online transactions. Its goal is to ensure rapid information exchange between dealers and users.
6. The factories under a certain electrical appliance group company include grassroots units such as technical departments and production departments. Now I want to build a computer-aided enterprise management system, where:
●The tasks of the production department are:
(1) Make a monthly workshop production plan based on the internal contract (product model, specification, quantity, and date of delivery) transferred by the sales company.
(2) Adjust the monthly production plan based on the actual production daily and weekly reports of the workshop
(3) Based on the monthly production plan, formulate a monthly plan for product design (structure, process) and product assembly.
(4) Transfer the assembly plan of the product to each department, break down the assembly monthly plan into weekly plans, and issue it to the workshop.
●The tasks of the technical department are:
(1) According to the assembly plan transferred from the production department, the product assembly drawing is generated for the production department, the purchase demand is generated for the supply department, and the product homemade material list is generated.
(2) Product process design according to the assembly plan, and parts are given according to the product's homemade bill of materials generation process flow chart.
Requirements: Try to write down the software structure diagram of the production and technical departments processing in the above system.
7. A training center needs to develop a computer management system. Its business is: after collecting and classifying the letters sent by students, they will be processed according to several different situations.
(1) If you are registered, the registration data will be sent to the staff responsible for registration affairs. They will check the course documents to check whether the course is full, then register on the student documents and course documents, and issue the registration.
The filing is handed over to the financial department, and the financial staff issues invoices to the students.
(2) If you want to cancel the course you have already taken, the cancelled person will use the course documents and student documents.
Make corresponding modifications to the documents and account documents, and cancel the order for students.
(3) If it is a payment, the financial officer will register on the account documents and also charge a fee for the student.
Receipt.
Require:
(1) Analyze the above problems and draw a data flow chart.
(2) Draw the main diagram of the software structure diagram of the training management system.